Lymphangiectasias are dilated superficial lymphatic vessels following damage or obstruction to deep lymphatics leading to increased lymphatic pressure and formation of superficial vesicles. Lymphangiectasia clinically present as numerous translucent vesicles with chronic lymphedema, often associated with various conditions such as malignancies, radiotherapy, trauma, recurrent, and chronic infections and inflammatory conditions. The most common causes of lympangiectasia are surgery and radiotherapy. We herewith report six cases of lymphangiectasias of different etiology, of which five cases involving the genitalia following radiotherapy, malignancy, and blunt injury and another case involving the breast with carcinoma.

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Odontogenic myxoma is benign, slow-growing, locally aggressive tumour arising from the ectomesenchyme of a developing tooth. It is the third most common odontogenic tumour. It occurs mainly in the 2nd and 3rd decades with slight predilection in females, and the mandible is more commonly involved than the maxilla. The lesion often grows without symptoms and presents as a painless swelling. Radiographic features are variable with a unilocular or multilocular radiolucency showing honeycomb, soap bubble or tennis racket pattern with cortical plate expansion. Histologically odontogenic myxoma shows loosely arranged stellate to spindle shaped cells interspersed in myxoid matrix. A case of odontogenic myxoma in 46- year-old female patient involving the right maxilla resulting in gross facial deformity within a span of 6 months is reported.

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Objectives: Previous studies have revealed high macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) levels in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and the serum of patients with chronic periodontitis. However, reports correlating the GCF and serum MIP-1α levels are inadequate. Therefore, the present study estimates the GCF and serum MIP-1α levels and its effects on periodontal health, disease, and after periodontal treatment. Materials and Methods: Periodontal examination and collection of GCF and serum was performed for 60 subjects categorized into four groups with 20 subjects in each group: Group I (healthy), group II (gingivitis), and group III (chronic periodontitis). Eight weeks after scaling and root planing, the GCF and serum were collected from 20 patients of group III, who were considered as group IV. MIP-1α levels were estimated using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: MIP-1α was detected in all samples. However, the levels reduced significantly in group IV (P < 0.05). Mean MIP-1α levels in GCF and serum were the highest in group III (1.481 ng/μL) and the lowest in group I (0.209 ng/μL), and those in groups II (0.685 ng/μL) and IV (0.276 ng/μL) appeared between those of groups I and III. Conclusions: The GCF and serum MIP-1α levels increased proportionally with the progression of periodontal disease (PD) and decreased after treatment. Because MIP-1α levels in the GCF and serum correlated positively with clinical parameters, MIP-1α may be considered a “novel biomarker” in PD progression. However, controlled longitudinal studies are required to confirm this possibility.

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Context: Prosthetic replacements and implants are becoming common in orthopedic operations for successfully alleviating the pain and improving the mobility in damaged joints. This sometimes leads to microbial infections contributing to high morbidities and prolonged hospital stay. Aims: This study was aimed to find out (1) the prevalence of bacterial infection in orthopedic implant surgeries; (2) to isolate and identify the bacteriological agents responsible for causing post-operative orthopedic implant infections; and (3) to perform their antimicrobial sensitivity. Methods: This was a prospective study carried out at a tertiary care hospital of southern Odisha, over a period of 24 months. The study was conducted on 112 cases of infected implants from orthopedic wards, from 1^st January 2016 to 31^st December 2018. Pus samples were collected using three sterile swabs. One was used for Grams stain, one for inoculation on MacConkey and Blood agar, and the 3^rd one for inoculation in Robertson's cooked meat (RCM) broth. Blood agar and MacConkey agar plates were processed for culture of aerobic bacteria, while the RCM inoculate was processed for anaerobic bacteria. Biofilm production and Susceptibility testing was performed. Results: Out of the 112 samples processed, culture positivity was observed in 90 specimens. Among them, 78 were aerobic, while 12 were anaerobic infections. Staphylococcus aureus (35.89%) was the predominant aerobic isolate followed by Pseudomonas spp. (28.2%). Among anaerobes, Bacteroides spp. (7.7%) was the most common isolate. Conclusion: The appropriate pre- and post-operative care should be taken to prevent such infections. Staphylococcus spp. was the commonest isolate and its ability to produce biofilm stresses the need for an appropriate antibiotic policy to put in place to eradicate the infection.

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Ocular complications following snake bite are usually rare. Snake bite accounts for 4% of all ophthalmoplegias. Optic neuritis and optic atrophy following snake bite have been reported in very few cases. Various causes of optic neuritis following snake bite have been postulated, including capillary damage and extensive hemorrhage, allergy to ASV and the direct toxic effect of snake venom. Here, one such rare case of optic atrophy following snake bite, admitted at Government General Hospital, vijayawada is discussed.

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Adenomyoepithelioma (AME) of the breast is a benign and indolent biphasic rare neoplasm characterized by dual proliferation of glandular and myoepithelial elements, which have propensity for local recurrences and malignant transformations. AME tumors are easily recognized in an excised biopsy, but it is more difficult to make a definitive diagnosis with core needle or limited biopsy because of morphologic heterogeneity. In these biopsies, diagnosis may be mistaken for invasive carcinoma most probably metaplastic carcinoma/carcinosarcoma or invasive ductal carcinoma. This article aims to highlight the diagnostic challenge of AME on core nipple biopsy or challenges encounter in inadequate sampling of the lesion, its recurrence potential, and rarity of this neoplasm in literature. We report a case of AME in the breast formerly diagnosed as an invasive ductal and metaplastic carcinoma on limited biopsies at different times and in different hospitals.

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We present a case of an elderly woman aged 76 years suffering from severe mitral regurgitation, moderate tricuspid regurgitation, and moderate pulmonary hypertension associated with severe left ventricular dysfunction scheduled for right hemiarthoplasty. Hypertension and diabetes were associated comorbid factors. Patient had grade IV exertional dysponea. Patient was on cardiovascular treatment and nebulization therapy since 4 years. We opted for graded epidural anesthesia as an anesthetic technique of choice for the patient because of its intraoperative hemodynamic stability and postoperative analgesia. Graded epidural provides minimal effects on the contractility and heart rate providing ideal intraoperative conditions. We used ropivacaine as a local anesthetic for graded epidural anesthesia for its cardiovascular stability compared to other local anesthetics. This case highlights the advantage of graded epidural anesthesia over general anesthesia and spinal anesthesia in patients suffering from valvular heart disease, pulmonary artery hypertension, and severe left ventricular dysfunction.

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As atypical mycobacterial disease is very difficult to be differentiated from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycobacterial culture results can be the corner stone to solve the problem and avoid the un-necessary suffering of the patient and in the same time it helps in prescribing the correct drug regime for the patient. Here we present a case of a 23-year-old female who underwent LUCS one year back that was complicated with development of multiple abdominal wall abscesses. Initially she was treated with a combination of intermittent surgical drainage and prolonged antibiotic course, later antitubercular drugs were put on based on the positive AFB smear and biopsy report. This case is of interest that Mycobacterium abscessus was isolated from the patient who was improved after therapy with sensitive drugs. Our case highlights the fact that NTM disease should be put into consideration in patients with positive AFB smear and requires referral of samples to specialized microbiology laboratories.

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An azygos lobe is an accessory lobe of the lung that may occasionally be confused with a pathological process such as a bulla, lung abscess, or neoplasm. Eventration of the diaphragm is generally regarded as a condition in which the left or the right leaf of the diaphragm has ascended abnormally high into the chest. In this case, both eventration of diaphragm and azygos lobe presented in the same patient on the same side.

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Strongyloides stercoralis is a soil-transmitted helminth. Infection in human beings may be asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals or cause life-threatening symptoms in immunocompromised individuals. We present a case of S. stercoralis in an immunocompetent individual who was misdiagnosed as obstructive airway disease.

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Nocardiosis is a rare opportunistic infection caused by an aerobic actinomycete, producing either local or disseminated disease. It is a systemic infection that usually begins in the lungs and has high predilection for brain, skin and subcutaneous tissues. It commonly affects solid organ transplant recipients on immunosuppressive drugs. The incidence of nocardiosis in solid organ transplant recipients is about 0.6%. In India, nocardiosis was reported in 1.4% of renal transplant recipients. We report a case of pulmonary nocardiosis in a postrenal transplant recipient. Patient presented with features suggestive of pneumonia not responding to antibiotics. Initial sputum gram stain and AFB was negative. Chest radiograph showed right parahilar non-homogenous opacity, and CT chest revealed right parahilar, and subcarinal adenopathy. Bronchoscopy was done which showed purulent secretion from right 6^th bronchial segment and AFB stain of broncho alveolar lavage fluid, showed weak acid fast filamentous bacteria, suggestive of nocardiosis. Patient was treated with antibiotics imipenem and co-trimoxazole. Patient responded well to treatment and pneumonia was resolved.

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Background: Anthracycline and Trastuzumab containing regimens demonstrate significant efficacy in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positive breast cancer patients. The utility of this strategy is limited by significant cardiotoxicity associated with these drugs. This study was conducted to study the cardiotoxicity with sequential use of Anthracyclines and Trastuzumab to identify early signs of carditoxicity and tailor therapy for these patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 45 cases of breast cancer patients who expressed HER 2 by immunohistochemistry (IHC) (3+) or fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) were included in this study. The patients were evaluated for cardiotoxicity by clinical examination, echocardiography and Multigated acquisition (MUGA) scan at periodic intervals. Results: Fall in ejection fraction was noticed in 20% of patients. Most of these patients were asymptomatic. Two dimensional echocardiography (2 D Echo) and MUGA scans were complimentary to each other. The fall of ejection fraction was reversible in 89% of these patients on stopping Trastuzumab for median of 6 weeks duration. All these patients completed planned treatment on reintroduction of Trastuzumab. Conclusion: The sequential use of Anthracyclines and Trastuzumab has cardiotoxic potential. Detecting early signs of cardiotoxicity and monitoring asymptomatic fall in ejection fraction can prevent long term cardiotoxic side effects. Due to reversible nature of cardiotoxicity of Trastuzumab, it can be reintroduced in most of the patients. Benefits of Trastuzumab therapy can be achieved by keeping close observation on cardiotoxicity and tailor treatment accordingly.

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Background: Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) often have an atherogenic lipid profile. Lipid disturbances that have been observed in patients with ESRD on CAPD include hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c). Aim and Objectives: To study the atherogenic ratios and serum lipid levels in patients with ESRD on CAPD and compare with healthy controls. Materials and Methods: This study included 30 patients with ESRD before and after the initiation of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and 30 healthy controls. Thirty patients with ESRD after the start of peritoneal dialysis were regularly followed up for 3^rd, 6^th, 9^th, 12^th, and 15^th months. The biochemical parameters were measured in baseline and follow-up samples. Results: The concentrations of (TC), serum triglycerides (TGs), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-c), and atherogenic ratios were increased and levels of serum TC, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), and HDL-c were decreased significantly during 3^rd and 6^th months. However, after 1 year of CAPD, the serum TGs, VLDL-c, TC, and LDL-c levels were significantly higher than the baseline values and HDL-c was significantly lower than the baseline values. Conclusion: The present study findings conclude that the continuous peritoneal absorption of glucose during CAPD contributes to alteration in serum lipids. However, the changes are fluctuating as an adaptation to the peritoneal absorption of glucose.

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Background: Since mandibular complete denture faces problems with retention, stability, support mandibular implant supported overdenture is a more successful and durable treatment option. Different types of attachments used with mandibular overdentures improve the retention and dissipate stress as well. It is of paramount importance for the success of the prosthesis. Finite element analysis (FEA) is a very precise method for stress assessment in the bone. Materials and Methods: Mandibular 2 implant supported overdenture was considered. Noble Biocare replace implant of diameter 4.3 mm, length 11.5 mm was used in the study. 3 models were considered: Model A – Implant overdenture with Ball/O-ring attachment, Model B – Implant overdenture with Locator Attachment, Model C – Implant overdenture with Ceka attachment. A detailed, precise 3D solid model of human mandible was obtained upon which FEA could be optimized using Autodesk NETFABB ver. 8.1, a software and MAYA 3D software tool. These models were subjected to vertical, oblique and horizontal forces of 35N, 70N and 10N, respectively. Stress was assessed at different sites namely silicon cap/ring, abutment, implant–abutment interface, implant body, surrounding bone. The amount of force required to uplift the dentures was assessed. Results and Conclusion: Results showed that locator attachment showed least amount of stress generation under all three types of loads. Within the limitations of the study, it was concluded that locator attachment was better in terms of stress generation in comparison to Ball and Ceka attachment. It was the most retentive attachment in comparison to the other two attachments.

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Aims: The aim of this in vitro study is to evaluate shear bond strength (SBS) of metal and ceramic brackets using conventional acid etch/primer and self-etch primer (SEP) adhesive systems. Methodology: Healthy, extracted 120 human premolar teeth were collected and were divided into group 1 – teeth bonded with metal brackets and group 2 – teeth bonded with ceramic brackets. These two groups were further subdivided: subgroup 1a – 30 metal brackets bonded using conventional acid etch/primer adhesive system, subgroup 1b – 30 metal brackets bonded using SEP, subgroup 2a – 30 ceramic brackets bonded using conventional acid etch/primer adhesive system, and subgroup 2b – 30 ceramic bracket bonded using SEP; brackets were debonded using a computerized universal Instron Testing Machine and the teeth were examined under ×10 magnification for adhesive remnants and scored according to modified adhesive remnant index (ARI). Results: The mean SBS of metal and ceramic brackets bonded using conventional acid etch/primer adhesive system showed higher bond strength than those bonded using SEP. Bond strength ranged from 7.25 to 12.23 MPa which was in the acceptable clinical range. Modified ARI scores calculated showed varied results. Conclusion: SBS values of all four subgroups exceeded the range of 6–8 MPa considered to be suitable for routine clinical use.

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